Solar Energy Essays (1618 words) - Renewable Energy,

Sun based Energy Since the time the beginning of time, the sun has been an asset we can't live or do without, so its not such a stun, that man has thought of the possibility of sun powered vitality. Sunlight based vitality had numerous employments. Some can be perilous and somewhere in the range of, a very significant resource for the cutting edge world. I. What is sun oriented vitality? A. Who was the first individual to utilize sun oriented vitality? B. When was it utilized? C. Where was sun based vitality first put to utilize? II. What are a portion of the employments of sun oriented vitality? A. Sun powered rooftop 1. Who imagined it? 2. When was it designed? 3. What was it utilized for? 4. How accomplishes it work? B. Sun based cooker 1. Who concocted the first? 2. When was it created? 3. How can it work? 4. What is it utilized for? C. Sun oriented stove 1. Who created it? 2. When was it created? 3. What does it resemble? 4. How does it work? III. What are a portion of the threats of sun based energy(used today or something else) A. Laser 1. What's going on here? 2. How accomplishes laser work? B. Bright Rays (UV beams) 1. Who found UV beams? 2. When was it found? 3. How is it hazardous? 4. How might we shield ourselves from this? IV. Decision A. What are a few employments of sun oriented vitality around our family unit? 1. Show a few models C. Musings on Solar vitality 1. What we consider sun powered vitality 2. Survey results A Crude Resource: Solar Energy and Its Many Uses Ever since the beginning of time, the sun has been an asset we can't live or manage without, so its not such a stun that man has thought of the possibility of sun oriented vitality. Sunlight based vitality had numerous employments. Some can be hazardous and somewhere in the range of, a truly significant advantage for the advanced world. Sunlight based vitality is vitality gotten from the sun in a type of bright beams. Its was first applied to use in 212 B.C., by the Greek virtuoso Archimedes. Sunlight based vitality was utilized to safeguard the habor of Syracuse against the Roman armada. Archimedes utilized a mirror or consuming mirror as they had called it, to set fire to the boats of the Roman armadas while remaining on shore (McDaniels 83). It wasn't until 1615 when Salomon de Caux built the primary sunlight based gadget; a sunlight based motor. His gadget was made of glass focal points, supporting casing, and an water/air proof metal vessel containing water and air. This created a little water wellspring when the air warmed up during activity. This was viewed as additional of a toy than a gadget, however it was the primary distributed record of the utilization of sun based vitality since the fall of the Roman Empire (Cheremisinoff 1). Some other utilization of sunlight based vitality after that was the sun powered rooftop and the sun oriented stove. The sunlight based rooftop was brainstormed by Harold Hay. In a sun powered rooftop framework, water is contained in an unmistakable plastic sack and it is put on a dark metal rooftop. Roughage got the thought while going in India on a specialized guide crucial the U.S government. While there, he saw that numerous individuals were living in corroded, sheet metal shacks, which were hot in the day and cold around evening time. Roughage's arrangement was to evacuate the protection from the rooftop on winter days with the goal that the rooftop would get hot, and Supplanting the protection around evening time to permit the shack to be warm through the night. At that point in the mid year, he would so the opposite of what he did in winter to let the house cool around evening time and supplanting the protection in the daytime to square out the warmth. At that point throughout the years, Hay and a man named John Yellott developed a 3-by 3.7-m building utilizing water bowls as the genuine roofing material. During the mid year, a section of froth protection was moved back around evening time, and the water would get cold during that time sky vanishing. Since the water flexibly sat straightforwardly on a metal roof, it ingested the warmth from the room and kept the building cooled throughout the day. Throughout the winter, the mobile protection was moved back in the daytime which took into account it to gather heat. This produced enough warmth into the house through the roof around evening time to keep the room agreeable (McDaniels 179-181). At that point there was the sun oriented cooker. Created by Augustin Mouchot in France and by John Ericsson in

India-US Relations and its Implications for Pakistan

India-US Relations and its Implications for Pakistan Theoretical With the rise of the United States as the most remarkable on-screen character on the planet, India re-balanced its international strategy and started to work all the more intimately with this sole superpower. US responded by supporting Indias race to accomplish the status of a Great Power in the 21st century and striking an arrangement for broad key organization. The US Indo vital relationship, regardless of the vital connection between the United States and Pakistan, could expand asymmetry to be decided of intensity among Pakistan and India, which may bring down the atomic limit between the forceful neighbors. Requirement for the task To conquer the issues and think of the best possible arrangements. Writing audit Pakistan and India needs to determine their reciprocal issues all alone. The US have urged them to determine their issues by harmony talks however US would not engage in it. US have significance of its relationship with every one of the two nations. They do perceive that for India and Pakistan there are numerous extraordinary issues between them that would be settled by exchange. (Cardin, 2016) The US has additionally opened all entryways of military and innovation to India, and furthermore supported Israel and different partners to do too. India has been the universes biggest arms merchant, for most recent 8 years and purchasing over a $100 billion in weapons yearly, 66% of which are conveyed against Pakistan. Furthermore, US political and military help supports India in its forceful conduct towards Pakistan. It isn't likely that Pakistan experiences inadvertent blow-back the United States outfitting of India against China. The US has forced officially and casually oppressive and serious confinements on Pakistans picking up of cutting edge and double use advancements and weaponry frameworks from the United States or partnered sources. US additionally restricts the protective reaction of Pakistan towards Indias develop: fissile material creation, long-run rockets and theater atomic weapons. Weight on China has been applied not to move any propelled weapons and innovations t o Pakistan. Except if this situation is changed, the capacities of Pakistan for regular resistance and the atomic discouragement against India could be altogether dissolved. (AKRAM, 2016) US having tilt towards India in these ongoing years, Rabbani expressed that United States has a concurrence on common atomic collaboration with India, however it won't offer Pakistan any comparative arrangement, providing reason to feel ambiguous about a Pakistans utility for the United States when significant battle activity have been winded down in Afghanistan. (Raza Khan, 2016) The job of United States in the locale has advanced as of late. The relations between United States and India have been bloomed while the relations between United States and Pakistan have gotten progressively upset. Before, Pakistan sought after U.S. contribution as an approach to internationalize the disagreement regarding Kashmir, while India has effectively restricted any United States strategy enthusiasm for a goals for the Kashmir issue. India has not been urgently inviting the intercession of United States except if it accompanied vows to drive Pakistan to get serious about gatherings that assaulted India. In the interim, the vast majority of the Pakistanis most likely don't trust U.S. to be a legit merchant in territorial debates. (DALTON, 2016) US interests in the South Asian area, despite the fact that not essential, yet are significant and expanding. These premiums incorporates the avoidance of a significant war or further atomic expansion; expanding financial development, investmentâ and exchange; advancing extreme majority rule establishments; and participating on the issues running from upgrading solidness across Asia in battling psychological warfare and medication dealing. The finish of the Cold War ought to permit a critical improvement of shared relations among Washington and both New Delhi and Islamabad which are the two head South Asian states. In any case, holding onto this open door will require extra imaginative reasoning and able strategy. (Rose, 1997) Speculation USA imparts great connections to Pakistan and India and wouldn't like to make precariousness between them however India will utilize its connection with USA against Pakistan. Research Methodology Auxiliary information, incorporates books, diary articles and news stories. Target of Research This examination will help in understanding the intricacy of the relations between US-India-Pakistan References AKRAM, M. (2016, April 20). The Indo-US collusion. First light News. Cardin, B. (2016, June 1). Effect of US-India relations on Pakistan talked about. First light News. DALTON, T. (2016). Pakistan: Challenges for U.S. Interests. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Raza Khan. (2016, May 11). Connection among Pakistan and United States is imbalanced. Day break. Rose, G. (1997). A New U.S. Approach Toward India and Pakistan. Gathering on Foreign Relations Press.

The 31 Best LinkedIn Profile Tips for Job Seekers

The 31 Best LinkedIn Profile Tips for Job Seekers “Active participation on LinkedIn is the best way to say, Look at me! without saying Look at me!”  ? Bobby DarnellLinkedIn is your savior when you are struggling to find your dream job. It is a revolutionary and indeed the best professional networking platform.It has helped literally millions of professionals around the world to build their own personal brands and achieve amazing success.There are people who have managed to use LinkedIn to its full potential and make a name for themselves in their respective industries.Why not take advantage of a platform that allows you to search companies, look for jobs and connect with thousands of professionals while also giving you an opportunity to portray your accomplishments.Most people have been using LinkedIn for years but haven’t even bothered to further refine or polish their profiles.   You need to understand that LinkedIn is much more than an online resume to get a job.It is a consolidated place to connect with other professionals , showcase your talents, display your accomplishments and build your own brand in the process.The best way to fully leverage LinkedIn and all the possibilities it offers is to have an awesome profile. It is also imperative to have a great profile on LinkedIn if you want to stand out from the 450 million LinkedIn users worldwide.Here are some really great LinkedIn profile tips from Josh Gwin. If you are willing to impart some life to your LinkedIn profile, here are the 31 tips from some of the topnotch career experts to help you get started.1. SPEND SOME TIME TO MAKE IT TOPNOTCHCompanies and recruiters will mostly contact candidates with a complete and attractive profile.Your profile must exhibit all your skills and achievements both in academics and professional life, your current and previous employers and what other people think of you.A complete profile also means recruiters have a better chance of finding you as compared to people with inactive and incomplete profiles.Therefore, you should spend some time to fill out every detail possible on your profile. Good news is that LinkedIn will give valuable suggestions on how to strengthen your profile as well.2. GET A CUSTOM LINKEDIN URLWhen you signup, your LinkedIn profile URL has a clumsy combination of numbers by default which doesn’t look professional. Recruiters actually prefer profiles with custom URL such as linkedin.com/your-name.It is also not very difficult to get one either.All you have to do is to open Edit Profile Tab and then click Public Profile URL. Now, customize the URL and specify your address. Finally, set Custom URL when you are done.3. HAVE AN EYE CATCHING AND PROFESSIONAL PROFILE PHOTOSurprisingly, most people have really awkward and thoroughly unprofessional profile photos on LinkedIn.It is simply unacceptable and often it showcases very bad taste. You need to have a friendly, clear, eye-catching and most of all, appropriately professional image on your profile. Take a look at what oth ers in your target industry, business level or companies are wearing and trying to copy them.It is even better if you can portray yourself in action. Your photo should display everything from your charisma to your passion, energy and enthusiasm.If you want to real good in your LinkedIn photos, watch this video. 4. YOUR HEADLINE SHOULD NOT BE YOUR JOB TITLEIt is a grave mistake to just write your technical job title in your headline. It is already present in the Experience Section.You should take full advantage of the headline and use it to describe who you actually are.It should give a glimpse of your skills, experience and background to the recruiter or whosoever is reading your profile.The headline should also inform the reader what you currently are and what you want to achieve in future.Watch Ian Lamont’s video about how to write a great LinkedIn headline for your profile. 5. USE SUMMARY SECTION TO PERFECTIONSome people totally ignore the extremely powerful and valuable Summar y Section on their LinkedIn profiles.It is actually in the Summary Section where you can impress the readers.The section makes readers see what you want them to see.This is your chance to narrate your story and control the narrative.Always tell the story in the first person and highlight some of your personal interests in the end.Explaining what kind of professional you are isn’t going to hurt either.6. ASK FOR RECOMMENDATIONSIf you have managed to please someone with your work, request him or her to spare some time and write a nice recommendation for you on LinkedIn.You can even ask him to keep recommendation focused on certain things.On the other hand, avoid having generic recommendations such as “David was great to work with” because they are not going to produce the desired results.Recommendations need to be specific and honest, highlighting what you actually did for them.7. GET ENDORSEMENTS FROM RELEVANT PROFESSIONALSOne of the best methods to showcase your skills on Link edIn is to get endorsements.However, unwanted endorsements from people not even relevant to your field can also put the recruiter off.Therefore, always strive to get endorsements from professionals working in your own field.Such endorsements carry much more weight and can become a quick visual impression of what you are actually worth.8. MANAGE YOUR RECOMMENDATIONS AND ENDORSEMENTSYou will constantly receive recommendations which don’t truly express your personality and professionalism.Such recommendations are not worthwhile to appear on your profile. It is also difficult and sometimes inconvenient to reach out the individual recommender and ask him to make necessary revisions.The best solution is to hide the unwanted recommendations from the Edit Profile section as explained in this really informational YouTube Video. 9. MAKE AS MANY CONNECTIONS AS POSSIBLEMore connections you have better are your chances to find a job. You will make a good first impression if you have more than at least 50 connections.Anything less than that is just not acceptable.Recruiters in particular will take you as a paranoid who don’t want to connect with others.Similarly, it will also tell them that your network is pretty limited or you don’t know how to use social media and technology.All these things can ago against you when you apply for a particular job.You don’t need to have hundreds of connections but try to start with at least 50-100.10. ONLY TRY TO ADD PEOPLE YOU KNOWDon’t go berserk while trying to make connections. This is one of the worst but most common mistakes committed by people on LinkedIn.LinkedIn will close your account if a certain number of people refuse to recognize you and reject your request.11. INCLUDE PERSONAL INTERESTS AND OUTSIDE THE JOB LEADERSHIP SKILLSYour profile should not only be about your job and career accomplishments.It is also a good idea to add some personal details about you such as your hobbies, favorite travel destinations and food s.Similarly, also include, if you have any, leadership experience in projects and organizations outside your place of work.However, personal interests should not overwhelm the profile because LinkedIn is a professional network after all.For instance, details of your girlfriend or schoolmates don’t need to appear on your profile.12. CHOOSE A GREAT BACKGROUND COVER PHOTOIf you want to grab people’s attentions, include a great background cover photo. The background photo is the second visual tool on your profile you can use to mesmerize readers.It sets the context of your profile and explains what you are all about and what you want people to know about you.An attractive background photo also lasts longer in the memories, engage people’s attention and help your page stand out from the crowd.13. USE RICH MEDIA IN YOUR PROFILEOne of the coolest methods to showcase your work is to include multimedia such as pictures and videos in your profile.You can actually add slideshow presentat ions, videos and pictures to your LinkedIn profile with utmost ease. It is always better to present examples instead of just talking about your work.The multimedia also allows you to show yourself in harness. Simple Click Edit Profile, go all the way down to your Summary Section and then click Add File. It is as simple as that.14. UPDATE YOUR PROFILE REGULARLYBy all means, LinkedIn is just another social media platform like Facebook and Twitter. You also need to update your status on LinkedIn regularly.However, you need to do it strategically and professionally.For instance, it is better to share your experience of a business meeting rather than what you are going to eat in dinner.The frequency of the updates should ideally be an update once a week.Remember, all of your connections see your updates and therefore, you should use them carefully.15. REGULARLY SHARE FRESH CONTENTIf you are a member of a large network on LinkedIn, it is better to be an active one.You can add value to you r network by sharing fresh and relevant content regularly. You can find out what your connections like to read or share by regular checking your news feed.Subsequently, start sharing content you feel is relevant to your field and genuinely interesting. This will enable you to establish yourself as an authority on your respective subject and increase your chances of getting viewed as well.16. RESHUFFLE YOUR SECTIONSLinkedIn generously allows you to reorder your profile sections. You can put the most important sections which emphasize certain aspects of your personality, experience and background on top and relegate others to bottom.Always put those sections on top which highlight your achievements and expertise.For instance, you can move your Experience Section directly above the Summary. You can considerably improve your profile and create a brand for yourself which recruiters simply cannot ignore.17. NEVER FORGET TO ADD CONTACT INFORMATIONYou must always add your contact informatio n in your profile. It is a basic thing but many people forget to add contact details on their profiles.How do you think employers will contact you if there are no contact details on your profile? Employers like those people who are easier to be found and contacted.You don’t need to add your home address for safety reasons but there is no harm in sharing your email address, phone number, and website or Twitter name.18. DON’T USE BUZZWORDS EXCESSIVELYYou seriously don’t want to include resume buzzwords like effective, experienced, focused, specialized, leadership, strategic, effective, responsible and expert etc. in your profile.They are the most commonly used buzzwords on LinkedIn and have “effectively” lost their value. You can do something better, more creative and fun to attract employers.19. HIGHLIGHT ALL THE SKILLS YOU HAVE MASTEREDOne of the easiest methods to impress employers is to list as many skills as possible on your profile.However, relevancy is the key to succ ess here.A bulky list of skills that are not relevant to you area of expertise will start to look awkward and weird.On the other hand, explore the list of skills available on LinkedIn and select only those that are relevant to you.This will further authenticate your summary and description, making it easier for others to endorse you as well.20. CAREFULLY USE THE PUBLICATION SECTIONThe Publication Section is your greatest friend when it comes to drawing attention to your profile. It is one of the most underrated and underused sections on LinkedIn.Therefore, if you manage to effectively use it in your advantage, your profile will easily stand out from the rest.   You can link your profile to any type of content you have published be it is a blog, a white paper or an Ebook etc.The following YouTube video explains in detail how you can effectively use and manage your Publication Section. 21. FOLLOW RELEVANT INFLUENCERSNeedless to say, it is always a good practice to follow relevant infl uencers from your industry and LinkedIn is no different.One of the biggest advantages of following such influencers is that you will be able to access a wide range of interesting and valuable content.You can also share such valuable content with your network from time to time. This will allow you to express your passion for your job and make your profile more contextual and meaningful.22. BECOME AN EMPLOYEE ADVOCATELinkedIn Elevate is yet another excellent feature you can leverage to enhance your profile. Businesses of all sizes can launch their own employee advocacy programs using this feature.By using Elevate, you can have tremendously positive impact on your own profile and career.   In simple words, if you really want to spread your message and brand content, then you need to become active on Elevate sooner than later.23. IMPRESS WITH NUMBERS UPFRONTYou should be able to highlight your past achievements in almost all sections of your profile including summary. Moreover, try to i mpress readers with case studies and numbers which prove that you are a successful person.For instance, you should write, “I have created more than a 1000 small and big websites”, if you are a web developer. You can even include names of your clients you haven’t signed No Disclosure Agreement with.On the other hand, it is simply not enough to write, “I am an experienced web developer with more than xyz years of experience.” Nobody is going to buy that. Keep in mind that even a few and strategically displayed states can go a long way to create an excellent first impression.24. KEEP SCOUTING JOBSThe best method to scout new jobs on LinkedIn is to follow as many companies as you can. Keep a constant eye on who is leaving and who is joining a company.When you find out that some is leaving your dream company, you must quickly pounce the opportunity and write to their HR that you are available.However, don’t forget to convince them that you are a worthy replacement.25. ALWAYS INCLUDE YOUR CURRENT JOBEven if you are unemployed, you must always include your current job in your profile. It is important because you will not appear in most searches if your Current Title box is empty.Most employers don’t bother to flip through thousands of candidates to find the one they need. They mostly search candidates exclusively using the Current Title box.If you are unemployed, simply create a dummy job title including the job you are targeting.26. TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF LINKEDIN BLOGGING PLATFORMLinkedIn allows you to publish blogs right from your profile home page. It is a great opportunity for you to share fresh and relevant content.It also helps you show to the world that you are not a boring workhorse but a creative, vibrant and smart person who has full grasp of his craft.Similarly, publishing an article on LinkedIn once or twice a month will help you attract more like-minded people to your profile.Alternatively, you can also connect your own WordPress blog (if you have any) to your LinkedIn profile. Make sure the content you publish meets all the LinkedIn’s content guidelines.In order to connect the blog, go to main navigation bar and click More. Now, click Applications and then WordPress Application. Enter the link of your blog and it will appear in your Profile.27. JOIN LINKEDIN GROUPSLinkedIn offers incredible resources and one such resource is LinkedIn Groups. You can considerably enhance your chances of finding a job by joining groups relevant to your industry and job.It also shows that you are totally engaged to your profession and passionate about your work. LinkedIn Groups work like online networking events.By joining groups, you can make many more connections which can help you find a better job in the long run.28. MAKE FULL USE OF PRIVACY SETTINGSThere is a reason why LinkedIn has privacy settings. You want to be and should be discreet when you are actively looking for a new job on LinkedIn.Your current employer will immediate ly understand that you want to leave as soon as you start overhauling your profile, connecting with more people and reaching out to recruiters.You can use privacy settings to ensure that your boss does not get wind of your intentions. It is very easy to find privacy settings.Click your name on the upper right hand corner and Privacy settings are right on the top of dropdown menu.29. WRITE AN INTERESTING TARGET JOB DESCRIPTIONGo through as many relevant target job descriptions as possible and try to blend them. Now find out words or phrases which are not only interesting to read but quite effective as well. Following YouTube video can also help you greatly in this regard. These are the words employers mostly go after when they are searching for new people for their company. Sprinkle these words and phrases throughout our profile and you are good to go.30. YOU CAN USE YOUR PROFILE AS YOUR RESUMEMost people argue against using LinkedIn profile as a standby resume.You should highlight y our best accomplishments rather than just a list of your previous jobs on your resume; same is the case with LinkedIn.Use your experience section to showcase your achievements, what have you done in the past, how did you do it and what was the impact on your organization.31. MAKE YOUR PROFILE EXCITINGIt makes sense. Doesn’t it? Constantly strive to make your profile really exciting showcasing your enthusiasm and love for your profession. Recruiters love to hire people who are most excited about their work.As mentioned above, you can express your enthusiasm by actively participating in group discussions. You can also modify your tagline to announce what you are currently doing.Try to connect with influencers and leaders in your industry. Share interesting news, case studies, white papers and articles.There are people who advise against using LinkedIn for job search.However, it is a powerful tool which opens a world of opportunities for you whether you are looking for a job or just to connecting with industry leaders.All you need to have is a complete, strong and exciting profile with the ability to impress both recruiters and thought leaders.

Dead Metaphor Definition and Examples

A dead metaphor is traditionally defined as a  figure of speech that has lost its force and imaginative effectiveness through frequent use. Also known as a  frozen metaphor or a historical metaphor. Contrast with creative metaphor. Over the past several decades, cognitive linguists have criticized the dead metaphor theory—the view that a conventional metaphor is dead and no longer influences thought: The mistake derives from a basic confusion: it assumes that those things in our cognition that are most alive and most active are those that are conscious. On the contrary, those that are most alive and most deeply entrenched, efficient, and powerful are those that are so automatic as to be unconscious and effortless. (G. Lakoff and M. Turner, Philosophy in the Flesh. Basic Books, 1989) As  I.A. Richards said back in 1936: This favorite old distinction between dead and living metaphors (itself a two-fold metaphor) needs a drastic re-examination (The Philosophy of Rhetoric) Examples and Observations Kansas City is oven hot, dead metaphor or no dead metaphor. (Zadie Smith, On the Road: American Writers and Their Hair, July 2001)An example of a dead metaphor would be the body of an essay. In this example, body was initially an expression that drew on the metaphorical image of human anatomy applied to the subject matter in question. As a dead metaphor, body of an essay literally means the main part of an essay, and no longer suggests anything new that might be suggested by an anatomical referent. In that sense, body of an essay is no longer a metaphor, but merely a literal statement of fact, or a dead metaphor. (Michael P. Marks, The Prison as Metaphor. Peter Lang, 2004)Many venerable metaphors have been literalized into everyday items of language: a clock has a face (unlike human or animal face), and on that face are hands (unlike biological hands); only in terms of clocks can hands be located on a face. . . . The deadness of a metaphor and its status as a clichà © are relative m atters. Hearing for the first time that life is no bed of roses, someone might be swept away by its aptness and vigor. (Tom McArthur, Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992)[A] so-called dead metaphor is not a metaphor at all, but merely an expression that no longer has a pregnant metaphorical use. (Max Black, More About Metaphor. Metaphor and Thought, 2nd ed., ed. by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge University Press, 1993) It's Alive! The dead metaphor account misses an important point: namely, that what is deeply entrenched, hardly noticed, and thus effortlessly used is most active in our thought. The metaphors . . . may be highly conventional and effortlessly used, but this does not mean that they have lost their vigor in thought and that they are dead. On the contrary, they are alive in the most important sense—they govern our thought—they are metaphors we live by. (Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2002) Two Kinds of Death The expression dead metaphor—itself metaphorical—can be understood in at least two ways. On the one hand, a dead metaphor may be like a dead issue or a dead parrot; dead issues are not issues, dead parrots, as we all know, are not parrots. On this construal, a dead metaphor is simply not a metaphor. On the other hand, a dead metaphor may be more like a dead key on a piano; dead keys are still keys, albeit weak or dull, and so perhaps a dead metaphor, even if it lacks vivacity, is metaphor nonetheless. (Samuel Guttenplan, Objects of Metaphor. Oxford University Press, 2005) The Etymological Fallacy To suggest that words always carry with them something of what may have been an original metaphoric sense is not only a form of etymological fallacy; it is a remnant of that proper meaning superstition which I.A. Richards so effectively critiques. Because a term is used which was originally metaphorical, that is, which came from one domain of experience to define another, one cannot conclude that it necessarily continues to bring with it the associations which it had in that other domain. If it is a truly dead metaphor, it will not. (Gregory W. Dawes, The Body in Question: Metaphor and Meaning in the Interpretation of Ephesians 5:21-33. Brill, 1998)

Organizational Behavior - 1046 Words

Running Head: Organizational Behavior \ Erica Wilson Organizational Behavior AJS 512 Douglas Bryant III April 23, 2012 Organizational Behavior According to Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, and Uhl-bien Organizational behavior is the study of individuals and groups in organizations (pg. 4). Organizational behavior is an applied discipline that is based on scientific method which was researched to help formulate teams and collegial work environments. The importance of organizational behavior is to better understand people as individuals and in groups. Organizational behavior also helps Us to understand interpersonal process, organizational dynamics with the purpose of achieving a goal. More than often the goal is to improve the†¦show more content†¦Last but not least, mangers should use control to ensure that all projects are complete in a timely manner and to the desired satisfaction of the organization. Continued Learning Organizational behavior is a learned behavior. In order to have structure in any environment or organization someone has to learn how. We are not born to be good leaders or good supervisors. I believe that it is a learning process and it takes time and experience. Learning is a forever revolving door. Just as in any learning environment to learn one has to be committed to continuous lifelong learning experiences. With all of the turmoil that is occurring in the United States todays there will always be different ways, new ideas, or new approaches to further our advances in or work place and in our everyday lives. However, everyone learns differently and they process information differently. In order to be successful in any workplace, one has to understand how he/she learn and process information. Some people learning styles are different and the way that he/she learns may be slower or faster than others. Also one has to be able to adapt to change. 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There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study o n one organization, but the study withinRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior2093 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Organization behavior is the study and application of information regarding how an individual or group of people within an organization behaves. According to John Schermerhorn author of the book Organizational Behavior Twelfth Edition, organizational behavior is the key characteristic used to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst employees within a company (Schermerhorn, 2011). There are additional characteristics such as leadership, openness to confer in relation to issuesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organizational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior: An Analysis of Helm Fire and Rescue Company Introduction Organizational Behavior is referred to as the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affectingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior5621 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. Answer a Page 2 2. _____ is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together toRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organisational Behavior2512 Words   |  11 PagesNowadays with the new millennium speeding towards us and competitive advantage more rapidly than ever, organisational behavior is one of the most direct relevance study for deeper understanding of management context. Indeed, it’s about how people organised and managed at work, which contains the study of leadership, motivation and organisational design to examine human behaviour in relation to various psychological, social and political conditions. The purpose of study this subject from regulatory

Amalgam Model Free Essays

string(181) " many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter\." Counseling Theory: An Amalgam Model, 2008, Name, affirms that science proves what the Bible has long understood and says about man or human nature; that Scripture alone has the correct diagnosis of the sickness and potential outcomes of his endeavors and challenges as well as the results especially, of a fallen nature. The author uses the scientific researches that show how the truths of Scripture are explained and made manifest in the lives of men and women. Practitioners who make use of this model that there is neither competition nor confusion as to the pre-eminence of Scripture; rather, it presupposes that science complements what the Biblical writers as revealed, have long known the real and lasting solutions to the â€Å"sicknesses† that man ahs encountered. We will write a custom essay sample on Amalgam Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now I. Introduction Psychology has made great strides in the development of principles and methods and the discovery of facts which find useful application in various aspects of everyday life. The objectives of psychology are : (1) to understand human behavior; (2) to predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment; (3) to influence or alter the behavior of he individual or group in desirable ways so that he can achieve the goal he desires. Behavior is described and analyzed. On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is possible, and although this may not thoroughly and completely be accomplished in some endeavors, the basic understanding then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any person would act or decide upon things that are within his conscious awareness. Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological problems are common to group relations, in whatever framework a person or group of individuals come from. The thrust of this paper is to develop my own theory of behavior and putting these in the context of the helping relationship. It starts with a basic understanding of human behavior coming from various viewpoints or perspectives. Then it discusses the reasons why an individual becomes mentally sick or develops unhealthy patterns of behaving towards anything that affect him. This includes the maladjustments that are usually prevalent in a person’s day-to-day functioning especially if and when he has not learned or developed the skills of rightly apprehending the tests of life, so to speak. The work of a counselor is a privilege since the counselee or client will be unfolding his life and makes himself vulnerable to a stranger. It is not an easy choice to make hence, all the training and knowledge would be indispensable to help the client reveal and trust himself to another. Counseling is not a very easy job. But it can be facilitated well when there is a clear vision of what and how it unfolds in the relationship that is established with the client. II. Discussion The paper is divided into different parts and meant to answer to the requirements stated as follows. A. Summary of my overall approach Psychology is the scientific of human behavior and mental processes; a study which is of considerable interest to almost all people. In the pursuit of this study is the important feature of understanding the goals or objectives. To describe, explain and predict behavior and if possible control or modify it, are the main objectives of this scientific discipline. These objectives confine as well as broaden student’s approach towards a deeper perspective of the field in the sense that he/she will have a grasp on the variety of subject matters that psychology provides, the advances or breakthroughs it has attained, its inadequacies and shortcomings, as well as forthcoming challenges the discipline faces. Since human individuals are complex and changing, the study is fascinating yet possesses a certain degree of difficulty. Fascinating because it explores all the facets of being human and possessing a certain degree of difficulty because of its multifarious sub-disciplines. Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a person’s mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in determining future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a â€Å"learner† in his environment, with the brain as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for acquiring his social functioning. With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environment’s impact on the person; he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a person’s mental state. Considering that the achievement and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and incorporate these in his/her day to day affairs: 1. The Medical doctor’s viewpoint – well-being emphasis than the illness model 2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologist’s viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The Nutritionist’s viewpoint – putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Expert’s viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, primarily the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum. There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be â€Å"good enough;† a lot depends on my own personality. Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated across an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the â€Å"amalgamation† or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter. You read "Amalgam Model" in category "Papers" It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has better chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance between the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered. Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual; only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a perfect man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely lack understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. B. Philosophy and Basic Assumptions ~What does a mentally healthy person look like and how are his traits different from those who are mentally ill or are developing a certain form of illness. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical appearance. It includes habits, attitudes, and all the physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possesses. However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioral styles covered in the course, perhaps, best captivate an individual’s personality and how he/she is understood. With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of various characteristics is seen. Like a â€Å"psychograph,† a person’s profile is pulled together and at a glance, the individual can be compared with other people in terms of relative strengths and weaknesses. The term mentally ill is frightening to many people. Movies, books, and magazines often depict mental illness in frightening ways. In some cases, adolescents suffering from a mental illness do act unpredictably or even dangerously. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most of the symptoms of mental illnesses can be controlled. It is tempting to distinguish healthy adolescents from adolescents with mental illness problems. However, there is often a fine line between mental health and mental illness. It is important to understand that mental illnesses vary in their severity. For example, many adolescents suffered from various levels of anxiety or depression. Others have suffered from serious mental disorders with biological origins. Education about the adolescents` mental illness is vital for those with mental health problems as well as for the adolescents` friends and family. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). ~ What constitutes a mentally/emotionally healthy person and what causes a person to become dysfunctional? The Christian point of view argues that man is not necessarily or inherently good and that starts him off to a bad start. The environment further either encourages that innate evil or tones it down. However, the basic idea is that there is a spiritual aspect and this is addressed in what the Christian Scriptures declare as the â€Å"renewing of the mind. † Because this is an integrated approach, it recognizes the work of science with the concept or understanding that it only confirms what Scripture recognizes or identifies all along. Psychology reminds us of the differing opinions of experts in this field. It talks about personality which represents all that the mind, or the mental and affective aspects of a person. People talk a lot about personality or behavior as if it’s such an uncomplicated and unfussy concept, but they end up having difficulty defining it when asked. They are apt to say that it (behavior or personality in general) is something a person â€Å"has. † They describe the behavioral components of particular people in words like â€Å"friendly,† â€Å"nice,† â€Å"forceful,† or â€Å"aggressive,† to paint a picture of what they mean by the term and as a result end, instead, in vague descriptions of how a person usually behaves with other people. On the other hand, when we base our descriptions on concrete and observable actions that people commonly do or adapt, we come up with what experts call as â€Å"behavioral profile. † There are different styles of behavior as well as there are no right and wrong profile. When we come up with correct profiling, the expected result is that we develop ways of getting to know a more concise and accurate picture of ourselves, or people in general. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical appearance. It includes habits, attitudes, and all the physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possesses. However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioral styles covered in the course, perhaps, best captivate an individual’s personality and how he/she is understood. With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of various characteristics is seen. Like a â€Å"psychograph,† a person’s profile is pulled together and at a glance, the individual can be compared with other people in terms of relative strengths and weaknesses. A healthy personality does not mean it does not have any difficulties at all. It means that a person has the capabilities to withstand any turmoil or stress that come his way. He has learned the skills to make him adjust to the internal and external stresses; minimizing conflicts from within and without but in a healthy and normal functioning way. ~ How does personal growth occur in the context of your therapy? Personal growth occurs in the context of self-insights; insights concerning the workings of one’s mind in relation to the structures and stimuli around the person. He self-insight is very significant and crucial to the client for him to be able to work well with those who are there to assist in his recovery and eventual personal growth. †¢ What makes your theory work? Christian counselors are prepared to help their clients sort the distinctions and similarities between psychology and the Christian faith? This is important because basic to therapy success is that when therapist and client share similar worldviews, the therapy may then advance. Moreover, do Christian counselors and those in this kind of profession really pursue real interest and deep thirst for a systematic and regular study of the Bible? If they do not do so, they will be deficient of the overall grasp of the Bible’s structure and content and lack a working knowledge of basic biblical doctrines. A deep and thriving relationship and commitment to an equally gifted Bible – believing church will also benefit the counselor in his/her personal life and practice, thus a necessary requirement,. C. Key Concepts ~ Explain the primary points of your theory as if you were to summarize it quickly for someone The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness. They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are: – â€Å"There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. † – â€Å"Personality growth is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties. † – â€Å"Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms† (Source: Kaplan et al, 1994). The goals of treatment here include alleviating patient of the symptoms which specifically works to uncover and work through unconscious conflict. The task of psychodynamic therapy is â€Å"to make the unconscious conscious to the patient† (â€Å"Models of abnormality†, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. In the psychodynamic approach the treatment modality frequently used includes dreams and free association, at times hypnosis (as preferred by either the therapist or by the client). The therapist actively communicates with the client in the on-going sessions. The scenario appears that a given patient may have up to five times a week session and runs up to five years in length (Rubinstein et al. , 2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist. † With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible. The relief from the symptoms from the primary problem or issue will inspire the client to imagine or think that change is not impossible after all. In this model, issues are dealt directly in a practical way. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future. Just as the cognitive-behavioral model also recognizes the concept of insight as well, this is only a matter of emphasis or focus. In behavioral/cognitive-behavioral therapies the focus is on the modification or control of behavior and insight usually becomes a tangential advantage. Techniques include CBT through such strategy as cognitive restructuring and the current frequently used REBT for Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy where irrational beliefs are eliminated by examining them in a rational manner (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001). Whereas in insight therapies the focus or emphasis is on the patient’s ability in understanding his/her issues basing on his inner conflicts, motives and fears. Coaching the patient on the step by step procedure of CBT is a basic and fundamental ingredient. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be â€Å"reorganized. † For instance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his reactivity to the issue. When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al. , 2007; Corey, 2004). D. Therapeutic Goals ~ What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychology’s scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the purely theological or â€Å"secular† preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to certain degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, â€Å"If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them. If all problems are at core spiritual matters we don’t want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory† (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabb’s position certainly ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and therapeutic or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al. , 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved one’s attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006). The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). How to cite Amalgam Model, Papers

Amalgam Model Free Essays

string(181) " many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter\." Counseling Theory: An Amalgam Model, 2008, Name, affirms that science proves what the Bible has long understood and says about man or human nature; that Scripture alone has the correct diagnosis of the sickness and potential outcomes of his endeavors and challenges as well as the results especially, of a fallen nature. The author uses the scientific researches that show how the truths of Scripture are explained and made manifest in the lives of men and women. Practitioners who make use of this model that there is neither competition nor confusion as to the pre-eminence of Scripture; rather, it presupposes that science complements what the Biblical writers as revealed, have long known the real and lasting solutions to the â€Å"sicknesses† that man ahs encountered. We will write a custom essay sample on Amalgam Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now I. Introduction Psychology has made great strides in the development of principles and methods and the discovery of facts which find useful application in various aspects of everyday life. The objectives of psychology are : (1) to understand human behavior; (2) to predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment; (3) to influence or alter the behavior of he individual or group in desirable ways so that he can achieve the goal he desires. Behavior is described and analyzed. On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is possible, and although this may not thoroughly and completely be accomplished in some endeavors, the basic understanding then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any person would act or decide upon things that are within his conscious awareness. Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological problems are common to group relations, in whatever framework a person or group of individuals come from. The thrust of this paper is to develop my own theory of behavior and putting these in the context of the helping relationship. It starts with a basic understanding of human behavior coming from various viewpoints or perspectives. Then it discusses the reasons why an individual becomes mentally sick or develops unhealthy patterns of behaving towards anything that affect him. This includes the maladjustments that are usually prevalent in a person’s day-to-day functioning especially if and when he has not learned or developed the skills of rightly apprehending the tests of life, so to speak. The work of a counselor is a privilege since the counselee or client will be unfolding his life and makes himself vulnerable to a stranger. It is not an easy choice to make hence, all the training and knowledge would be indispensable to help the client reveal and trust himself to another. Counseling is not a very easy job. But it can be facilitated well when there is a clear vision of what and how it unfolds in the relationship that is established with the client. II. Discussion The paper is divided into different parts and meant to answer to the requirements stated as follows. A. Summary of my overall approach Psychology is the scientific of human behavior and mental processes; a study which is of considerable interest to almost all people. In the pursuit of this study is the important feature of understanding the goals or objectives. To describe, explain and predict behavior and if possible control or modify it, are the main objectives of this scientific discipline. These objectives confine as well as broaden student’s approach towards a deeper perspective of the field in the sense that he/she will have a grasp on the variety of subject matters that psychology provides, the advances or breakthroughs it has attained, its inadequacies and shortcomings, as well as forthcoming challenges the discipline faces. Since human individuals are complex and changing, the study is fascinating yet possesses a certain degree of difficulty. Fascinating because it explores all the facets of being human and possessing a certain degree of difficulty because of its multifarious sub-disciplines. Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a person’s mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in determining future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a â€Å"learner† in his environment, with the brain as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for acquiring his social functioning. With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environment’s impact on the person; he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a person’s mental state. Considering that the achievement and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and incorporate these in his/her day to day affairs: 1. The Medical doctor’s viewpoint – well-being emphasis than the illness model 2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologist’s viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The Nutritionist’s viewpoint – putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Expert’s viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, primarily the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum. There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be â€Å"good enough;† a lot depends on my own personality. Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated across an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the â€Å"amalgamation† or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter. You read "Amalgam Model" in category "Papers" It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has better chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance between the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered. Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual; only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a perfect man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely lack understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. B. Philosophy and Basic Assumptions ~What does a mentally healthy person look like and how are his traits different from those who are mentally ill or are developing a certain form of illness. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical appearance. It includes habits, attitudes, and all the physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possesses. However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioral styles covered in the course, perhaps, best captivate an individual’s personality and how he/she is understood. With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of various characteristics is seen. Like a â€Å"psychograph,† a person’s profile is pulled together and at a glance, the individual can be compared with other people in terms of relative strengths and weaknesses. The term mentally ill is frightening to many people. Movies, books, and magazines often depict mental illness in frightening ways. In some cases, adolescents suffering from a mental illness do act unpredictably or even dangerously. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most of the symptoms of mental illnesses can be controlled. It is tempting to distinguish healthy adolescents from adolescents with mental illness problems. However, there is often a fine line between mental health and mental illness. It is important to understand that mental illnesses vary in their severity. For example, many adolescents suffered from various levels of anxiety or depression. Others have suffered from serious mental disorders with biological origins. Education about the adolescents` mental illness is vital for those with mental health problems as well as for the adolescents` friends and family. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). ~ What constitutes a mentally/emotionally healthy person and what causes a person to become dysfunctional? The Christian point of view argues that man is not necessarily or inherently good and that starts him off to a bad start. The environment further either encourages that innate evil or tones it down. However, the basic idea is that there is a spiritual aspect and this is addressed in what the Christian Scriptures declare as the â€Å"renewing of the mind. † Because this is an integrated approach, it recognizes the work of science with the concept or understanding that it only confirms what Scripture recognizes or identifies all along. Psychology reminds us of the differing opinions of experts in this field. It talks about personality which represents all that the mind, or the mental and affective aspects of a person. People talk a lot about personality or behavior as if it’s such an uncomplicated and unfussy concept, but they end up having difficulty defining it when asked. They are apt to say that it (behavior or personality in general) is something a person â€Å"has. † They describe the behavioral components of particular people in words like â€Å"friendly,† â€Å"nice,† â€Å"forceful,† or â€Å"aggressive,† to paint a picture of what they mean by the term and as a result end, instead, in vague descriptions of how a person usually behaves with other people. On the other hand, when we base our descriptions on concrete and observable actions that people commonly do or adapt, we come up with what experts call as â€Å"behavioral profile. † There are different styles of behavior as well as there are no right and wrong profile. When we come up with correct profiling, the expected result is that we develop ways of getting to know a more concise and accurate picture of ourselves, or people in general. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical appearance. It includes habits, attitudes, and all the physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possesses. However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioral styles covered in the course, perhaps, best captivate an individual’s personality and how he/she is understood. With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of various characteristics is seen. Like a â€Å"psychograph,† a person’s profile is pulled together and at a glance, the individual can be compared with other people in terms of relative strengths and weaknesses. A healthy personality does not mean it does not have any difficulties at all. It means that a person has the capabilities to withstand any turmoil or stress that come his way. He has learned the skills to make him adjust to the internal and external stresses; minimizing conflicts from within and without but in a healthy and normal functioning way. ~ How does personal growth occur in the context of your therapy? Personal growth occurs in the context of self-insights; insights concerning the workings of one’s mind in relation to the structures and stimuli around the person. He self-insight is very significant and crucial to the client for him to be able to work well with those who are there to assist in his recovery and eventual personal growth. †¢ What makes your theory work? Christian counselors are prepared to help their clients sort the distinctions and similarities between psychology and the Christian faith? This is important because basic to therapy success is that when therapist and client share similar worldviews, the therapy may then advance. Moreover, do Christian counselors and those in this kind of profession really pursue real interest and deep thirst for a systematic and regular study of the Bible? If they do not do so, they will be deficient of the overall grasp of the Bible’s structure and content and lack a working knowledge of basic biblical doctrines. A deep and thriving relationship and commitment to an equally gifted Bible – believing church will also benefit the counselor in his/her personal life and practice, thus a necessary requirement,. C. Key Concepts ~ Explain the primary points of your theory as if you were to summarize it quickly for someone The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness. They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are: – â€Å"There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. † – â€Å"Personality growth is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties. † – â€Å"Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms† (Source: Kaplan et al, 1994). The goals of treatment here include alleviating patient of the symptoms which specifically works to uncover and work through unconscious conflict. The task of psychodynamic therapy is â€Å"to make the unconscious conscious to the patient† (â€Å"Models of abnormality†, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. In the psychodynamic approach the treatment modality frequently used includes dreams and free association, at times hypnosis (as preferred by either the therapist or by the client). The therapist actively communicates with the client in the on-going sessions. The scenario appears that a given patient may have up to five times a week session and runs up to five years in length (Rubinstein et al. , 2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist. † With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible. The relief from the symptoms from the primary problem or issue will inspire the client to imagine or think that change is not impossible after all. In this model, issues are dealt directly in a practical way. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future. Just as the cognitive-behavioral model also recognizes the concept of insight as well, this is only a matter of emphasis or focus. In behavioral/cognitive-behavioral therapies the focus is on the modification or control of behavior and insight usually becomes a tangential advantage. Techniques include CBT through such strategy as cognitive restructuring and the current frequently used REBT for Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy where irrational beliefs are eliminated by examining them in a rational manner (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001). Whereas in insight therapies the focus or emphasis is on the patient’s ability in understanding his/her issues basing on his inner conflicts, motives and fears. Coaching the patient on the step by step procedure of CBT is a basic and fundamental ingredient. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be â€Å"reorganized. † For instance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his reactivity to the issue. When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al. , 2007; Corey, 2004). D. Therapeutic Goals ~ What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychology’s scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the purely theological or â€Å"secular† preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to certain degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, â€Å"If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them. If all problems are at core spiritual matters we don’t want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory† (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabb’s position certainly ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and therapeutic or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al. , 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved one’s attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006). The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). How to cite Amalgam Model, Papers

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Examines the early European conquest of the world, using Shakespeares The Tempest as an example of the process of invasion. This paper discusses the European invasion of the world and how it impacted the spread of cultures, thoughts, beliefs, ideas, practices and new ways of life. The author debates the type of assimilation that took place and whether the spread of new ways of life was warmly accepted or forced upon the natives. The paper uses William Shakespeares The Tempest as a case in point of a perfect example of the process of occupation of a foreign land in the name of world expansion. When looking at the results of the European invasion of the world during the Early Modern Period, one must ask if it was all for the best. Then, if it was for the best, whom did it benefit? Taking the actual possession of land is the first stage, then settling in with the indigenous people is second, and when the trust has been won, bringing in more settlers to overpower the indigenous people and transform them into the image of the settlers. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Modern European Invasion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

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Mark Zuckerberg, an American computer scientist, software developer and philanthropist The WritePass Journal

Mark Zuckerberg, an American computer scientist, software developer and philanthropist   Introduction Mark Zuckerberg, an American computer scientist, software developer and philanthropist   IntroductionBackgroundProblem statementObjectivesResearch QuestionsSignificanceLimitationLiterature ReviewThe Role of MediaCharacteristic of Social networking SitesDifferences between Social Networking SitesUse of FacebookPositive ImpactNegative ImpactTheory Applied Uses and Gratifications TheoryMedia System Dependency TheoryResearch DesignPopulation and SamplingData CollectionDiscussion and ConclusionDiscussionConclusionRelated   Introduction â€Å"When you give everyone a voice and give people power, the system usually ends up in a really good place. So, what we view our role as, is giving people that power.† Said by Mark Zuckerberg. The above quotes is said by the founder of facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, an American  computer scientist,  software developer  and  philanthropist best know for creating the social networking site- Facebook.(Kroll, 2008)   Despite his young age of 26, he is already a billionaire and had awarded the Time Person of The Year 2010.(Grossman, 2010) Facebook  is a  social networking  website launched in February 2004 and operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc.(PenNameEM, 2011). It initially targeted Harvard students, but was later opened to other universities and then high schools. The websites membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over.   In 2006, Facebook allowed everyone to join and also added a News Feed feature that would broadcast changes in members pages to all Facebook users identified in their personal network of friends. It turned Facebook into a personalized social news service (Farlex, 2010). Facebook has a lot of features, (Social Media Boomer, 2009) like for example; people can add friends and send the messages, messages can be sent privately or publicly. A wall which allows friends to post messages for the user to see and use can tell what he/she up to by updating his/her status update. The news feed publishes updates on every user’s homepage and computer seen by the friends of the user. Facebook notes is a blogging feature that allows text and images and some blogs can be imported and Facebook. Facebook has a chat feature which allows instant messaging to friends. Mark Zuckerberg knew the power of social network more than anyone else and thus had created Facebook which had evolved to an essential-must-visit-site-each-day to many people all around the globe. The successful of Facebook had well enough to convey the importance of social network and had attracted a number of business people to venture the field. As Mark Zuckerberg said, â€Å"the web is at a really important turning point right now.† More and more people had engaged in social networking, resulting with a common norm in voicing out your opinion at the website instead of in front of the public, making friends blindly and deviatory exposing your whereabouts which in terms making the individual becomes more fragile to various danger . While on the bright side, social networking do have several advantage, It helps people to keep in touch despite geographical distances and it’s a much cheaper medium compare with the others. In short, facebook have its pros and cons, people have to aware the impact, be a smart user and not to fall prey on the downfall. Background Studies shows that facebook users had tremendously increase globally and how serious people get addicted to facebook.(Foster, 2010)   This phenomenon had brought up both positive and negative issues. People start to realize the power of facebook politically, economically and nevertheless socially. A lot of investments from well-known people had made to the facebook company. Thus, facebook had been upgraded and had expanded to all its potential direction, and yet meets no limitations. The website currently has more than 400 million active users worldwide. It is undeniable a huge phenomena and had affected other social website as well. At January 2009 Facebook has defeated MySpace. (TechCrunch. 2010) Since people are become more and more attach to this particular social networking website, it somehow had stirred up some important issue to the society. Facebook has somehow crush with some rules and regulations and has been banned in some countries including Pakistan(Aljazeera,2010), Syria(Global Voices, 2010),China(Youth Radio, 2010),Vietnam (CNN. 2010), and Iran(  Telegraph Media Group, 2010).It has also been banned at many places of work to discourage employees from wasting time using the service. (Facebook. 2010) Facebook settled a lawsuit regarding claims over source code and intellectual property. The site has also been involved in controversy over the sale of fans and friends. Privacy issue had been hotly debated among the people.(Facebook. 2010) Single status updated in facebook will allow the whole network friends knew what you are up to. Nevertheless the photo album posted, strangers may happen to approach to you on the street despite the fact that you do not even know them. Stalkers issue is also a triggering phenomenon. On the other hand, facebook had its positive side. It had been seen as a wide, rewarding potential market to the investors. Since it was a global phenomenon, international marketers utilize this fact and met its satisfying result. Advertise in facebook is also an effective way to reach target audience. Facebook has undeniable brings double edge effect to the life of many, and thus the studies of awareness of public both positive and negative impact of Facebook will be further examined by the researcher. Problem statement â€Å"With the creation of Facebook in 2004, colleges and universities across the United States have been playing catch-up with students. This new technology carries much weight as a new medium for students to build social connections and grow as members of their institutions. However, this new technology also brings negative implications such as lowered GPAs when with greater use,† proclaimed by Boogart. (2004) People may not aware of the double-sided impact of facebook in their lives. They only realize how social networking crushes them at the point where they had become the victim of social networking. Addiction to facebook will cause a lot of problem in our lives, such as widen the gap between friends and family as one willing to stick on the computer screen rather than socializing with people around. Seriously attach to facebook will also be an obstacle in performances. One may affect productivity during office hour due to the overly attached to facebook, student’s grades may fall due to this too. On the other hand, facebook was undeniable a convenient place to socialize and keep in touch. Do the public realize both the positive and negative impact of facebook to the society and are they the smart user or blind user of Facebook? Objectives The main purpose of this research is to determine the level of awareness among Malaysians regarding the impact of facebook in the life. Besides, it is also designed to identify media preference and consumption patterns of the public. Those findings will help in further effective message creations. The researcher strongly agrees that the public should have a better understanding of the double-edged impact of facebook, how it will affect their life and the potential direction/growth of facebook in the future Research Questions What is the role of media in creating awareness? What is the use of Facebook? What is the impact of Facebook? Significance Social networking had been a big hit all around the world, and has undeniable becomes a necessity for people all around the world. Most of us have limited knowledge about the pros and cons of social networking and are one of the blind users who use the site for granted. Majority of the people do not dwell much on the core meaning of social networking and thus had neglected many important issues which then had cause some serious agitation both positively and negatively. Upon all of the incidents that had happened all around facebook, it is necessary to alert the public about the double-sided effect of facebook. By listing all of the advantage and disadvantage of the impact of Facebook, It will aid in creating public’s awareness in personal security issue, social networking fraud and etc, such effort will certainly minimize the potential harm and also to brighten the horizon of the people about the emerging possibilities of facebook in various field. Limitation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first obstacle face during the research will be the individual’s bias. As the research is about the double edge impact of Facebook, predictable and unavoidable incidents such as intensive individuals will hold tight with their own perspective and will defy the oppositional view of it. For example, a Facebook supporter will always stand on his/her ground and strongly oppose the negative sides of Facebook, and oppositional, Facebook hater will always discriminates Facebook despite the advantages it brings. Fair and just opinion from both oppositional sides is critical in aiding the accuracy of the research. The next obstacle will be the sampling issue. Although everyone seems to be able to access to the Internet, there will still be minority of them whom are not familiar with the site. Have to be assure that the target sample is in alignment with the objective. Age range is important too due to the perspective and values holds are different along with age growth. Penetrating observation and estimation of the target sampling is essential in order to obtain accurate outcome of the research. Besides, another problem that has to be deal is the potential fraud/dishonesty responses from the target audience. They might want to please the researcher and distort their very own opinion or are afraid to voice their perspective out. Therefore, it is crucial to explain to them that the above survey is highly confidential and for educational purpose only before spreading out the questionnaire to them. Literature Review The Role of Media According to the journal â€Å"Role of media to engage the masses in water debates and Practices† by Shahzad (2008, p.2), the media is crucial in disseminating news, development facilitator and the agent of change in today’s times.   Mass media is essential in creating awareness of various issues as to shape publics’ perception and opinion, particularly with reference to environment issue. Public escalating attachment to the information technologies had aid the growth of the importance of mass media. (Shahzad and Paquistanà ­, 2008, p.2) Media coverage does influence social flow. Shahzad and Paquistanà ­ (2008, p. 5) argue that in their recent coverage of the poor quality of water and sanitation facilities in public hospitals of twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, they are able to attract federal health minister and the NGO to take action and had solved the above problem. Their media coverage had inspired and moved the authorities to install the filtration plant.   It shows that media is playing a crucial role in conveying the message to various parties and inspire changes. Dorji (n.d, p.1) claim that communication is always the primary elements in society, especially in this era called â€Å"satellite communication†; mass media has indeed a necessity in human existence. Information and knowledge is being exchange through communication and with the advance technology, distance and other boundaries had been overcome. Various mass media had aid in communication among people all around the world, so as to globalization. According to Menon (1981) (cited by Alahari, 1997) in the journal â€Å"Attitude towards Mass Media and its role in promoting Environment Consciousness† by Tshering Dorji , the function of mass media had been upgraded to serve a wider coverage at a faster pace worldwide. This indeed has helped the media to reach a wider audience. Moreover, media assists people all around to world to interact and connect with each other. (Dorji, n.d) According to the journal â€Å"Attitude towards Mass Media and its role in promoting Environment Consciousness† by Tshering Dorji, it had provided evidence that the media did influence in peoples’ decision making. The more one’s expose to media, the more he/she will be affected by the media. According to the above case study, it stated that mass media has a potential power in fostering a kinship for environmentalism. For instances, mass media had reinforced the links between the environment preservation and culture heritage in Bhutan Characteristic of Social networking Sites According to the report ‘Social Computing: Study on the Use and Impact of Online Social Networking’ by Romina Cachia, there are generally 6 characteristics of SNS, which are (1)presentation of oneself: a profile page; (2)externalization of date: viewing and sharing information; (3) new ways for community formation: communicate through various digital objects; (4) Bottom-up activities: idea platform for user to gathered; (5) ease of use: homepages are easy to create and development; and lastly (6) reorganization of Internet geography: removed geographic barrier. Nevertheless, SNS has drastically changes our way of communication. Differences between Social Networking Sites Different website serves different people and attracts different types of users despite their similarity of SNS. Like for example, ‘MySpace’ was generally used by musician; YouTube links people through videos; Flickr links people through pictures and etc. (Cachia, 2008) While on the other hand, Friendster was been utilized to get in touch with old friends and had attracted many youth due to its innovation. MySpace too was created based on that platform but had soon evolved into more of a music platform. On 2004, Flickr which had became known for its dynamic platform for sharing photos was emerged due to the popularity of SNS photo sharing. (Cachia, 2008) And up to date, Facebook with its massive of active users is the one most successful SNS. Cachia argues that the simplicity and ordered profiles has contributed to Facebook’s successfulness. The vast number of application too has added in fun aspect to Facebook users. The ‘wall’ which allow user to post pictures, comment and link is also another factor that lead its popularity among the public. Use of Facebook Boogart (2004) argues that majority use Facebook to stay in touch with high school friends. He founds out only 21.1% of people use Facebook to connect to college peers. Boogart (2004) also states that demographic play a role in defining the user and usage. Women and students are two large populations whom are the active Facebook users. According to him, one will feel more connected to people if he/she use Facebook more frequently. These trends had further extended the addiction of students towards Facebook. Simply put, the more one engages on Facebook the more addicted one would perceive themselves to be. According to the findings by Joinson (2008), he generally found out that people use Facebook to keep in touch with friends, social surveillance, re-acquiring lost contacts, to communicate by writing on wall or private message, sharing pictures, perpetual contact meaning just to find out people’s status, making new friends and simply because it is easy to use. Besides, according to Joinson (2008), social network serves as social an emotional support, information resources and ties to some people. Lampe et al. (2006) (cited by Joinson, 2008) states that there’s a differences in ‘social searching’ and ‘social browsing’ in Facebook. Social searching is to find out more information about someone offline while social browsing is an act uses Facebook to further develop a relationship. Lampe et al. (2006) (cited by Joinson, 2008) also notes social networking sites such as Facebook serves as a surveillance function, where by user is constantly updated about their friends and family, the groups where they belonged. Impact of Facebook (Positive and Negative) Positive Impact According to the journal â€Å"Lessons from Facebook: The Effect of Social Network Sites on College Students’ Social Capital† by Kee, Park and Valenzuela (2008), Facebook can aid in unify the community. For example, collective action can be called up common interests groups. Facebook can aid in fostering trust and norms by constantly exchanging opinions and views among users. Boogart (2004) indicates that Facebook had help to university administrators to connect with students in Campus. It helps them to feel ‘less stranger’ on the school ground and constantly help them to keep in touch with one another and school activities as well. According to Merritt (2008) (cited by Kee et al., 2008) Facebook no doubt is a social network sites that allow the users to deliver shared, relevant information, a place for exchanging ideas and thus had fulfill many of the promises of civic journalism. Besides, it is crucial for the media to help citizens to stay connected with the society especially in the time of damaged credibility in public institutions according to Rutigliano (2007) (cited by Kee et al., 2008). Ultimately, it had assist journalist and traditional news organizations in gaining lessons on how to reach individuals, especially young adults from the social network. Social networking can reduce relationships’ gap for those who are being apart by distances according to Thompson (2009). It brings them together despite the physical separation. According to Vocus (n.d), it stated that one have to understand the potential of social media can bring. Social media had removed the possible barriers one company has towards its audience, it aid in spreading the intended information, generate sales leads, gauge customers satisfaction and increase brand recognition. The social media has indeed provides the tools and tactics for a company and prove its value. Facebook help in creating social awareness among people, Facebook users will ultimately been updated by various news posted by their friends, making them aware of the incidents that had recently occurred and as well provide them a better understanding of things (Sagi, 2011) Facebook has help in increasing environment sensitivity among the user despite their hectic lifestyle. Negative Impact According to the thesis â€Å"Uncovering the Social Impacts of Facebook on a College Campus† by Boogart (2004), there is a significance relationship between heavy use of Facebook and lower GPA among students. Although Facebook was created to have a positive impact in person to person communication, studies show that it could have a harmful effect according to Thompson (2009).   Facebook was first been used as a way for liked minded students to share their life experiences and keep in touch. But it too had reduced the real connection in reality, the interpersonal connection between people. It is like an escapist experience and had displaced the real interaction to an alternative cyber world. According to the journal â€Å"Facebook Games by Design have a Negative Social Impact† (The University of Melbourne, 2010), Facebook games had causes problems such as addiction to internet, decreasing sociability, mis-education to children and fall in productivity among people. Facebook games can lead players distracted and addicted as well. The addiction should be categorized as mental disorder to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders according to Block J. (2008) (cited by The University of Melbourne, 2010), an American Journal of Psychiatry editorial writer. In addition, Facebook games are easy to be accessible in nature. It runs almost in every modern computer which allows nearly everyone to be able to play them. The game itself is designed to be addictive too; the in-game award system had leaded the players to further enhance their desire to accomplish the goal of the game (The University of Melbourne, 2010). Besides the game have a negative impact on the young. Facebook games such as Texas Poker has indeed encouraged the young user to be involved in gambling. Moreover, according to the journal â€Å"Facebook Games by Design have a Negative Social Impact† (The University of Melbourne, 2010), it stated that Facebook games causes degradation in academic achievement among the students. Students spend more time on Facebook rather than revising their works. Besides, it lowers the work productivity of office workers as well. Williams and Gulati (2008) argue that using Facebook to hold an online campaign is a non-significant, near zero impact on vote share only due to those candidates who made little effort to cultivate a social network presence and put together it into their campaign strategy.   Additionally, campaign supporter in Facebook is hardly to be defined. The amount of the supporter is either the real things or just a hoax created by the candidates themselves. Theory Applied Uses and Gratifications Theory Uses and Gratifications Theory applied in this research. As cited in Chasse and Jenkins (n.d, p2), West and Turner (2005) stated that Uses and Gratifications Theory implies that â€Å"people actively seek out specific media and specific content to generate specific gratifications† and also to explain people’s involvement and need for media. According to the article â€Å"The role of theories in Uses and Gratifications studies (1979)†, by Blumer, there are six types of audience activity (Bulmer, 1979) Firstly, people tend to use media to accomplish their task, like for example in this case; most of our respondents use Facebook to connect to their long lost friends. The second type is intentionality, where use of media is decided by the motive. Respondents’ use of Facebook was difference from one another; their intention behind their impulse can be listed from the purpose of entertainment to socialize as well as other reason. Thirdly, selectivity, whereby the choice of media reflects the existing interest. People can always choose other media besides Facebook to stay in connect with their friends, there must be significance behind every action they did. The attachment of public towards Facebook too has its own explanation. Fourthly is to influence, whereby people create own meaning from media content. Different media serve different purposes and effect and people in return decide what to absorb from the media and how the media will influence them. Facebook is convenient in every ways, whether to connect friends from a thousand miles away or to exchange pictures taken shortly ago. The beneficial of Facebook ultimately will have its own meaning to different individuals. Fifthly, fifth is activity, which means what people use media for. Like for instance, people listens to radio for the timeliness news and hits music, watch television for TV drama, and etc. Lastly, the activeness, meaning the freedom of the audience in involving. Public involved themselves more in forum or chat room that is found in the internet for the reason that the amount of freedom of participating in such activity is being granted. Media System Dependency Theory According to Maxian (2009), Media System Dependency theory in microscopic level is defined as â€Å"a relationship in which the capacity of individuals to attain their goals is contingent upon the information resources of the media system.† Those information resources can be categorized as the ability to create and gather, process, and disseminate information. While in the macro level, the theory is define as the social perspective if the greater increasing people become more dependent on the media, the impact of the media will rise and role of media in society will become more central. Facebook had already been globalization and many of us have been active users itself. The impact of Facebook in our lives can be seen in many prospects.   Maxian also proposed that the media is very powerful as it controls every information or resources that needed by the people to achieve their informational goals. As cited in Maxian (2009), Ball-Rokeach (1998) described that individuals are assumed to function along three main dimensions in the relation between individual and media dependency; which are goal, referent, and intensity. The goal dimension refers to the motivation of people to achieve their informational goals through the information that provided by the media. For example, people will seek information from media to reduce their stress, entertainment, as well as for self and social understanding. They also use media information as a guide on their daily interaction and situation faced. Facebook serves as many purposes for the public. Many of them claimed that they use Facebook for entertainment, to socialize, to kill times and to escape reality. Those intentions will further push the user to continue to stick on Facebook. Next will be the referent. The referent dimension refers to the number of media that the people used at once to accomplish his/her goal. For example, a person who is seeking information for his/her assignment will use various media such as newspapers, television, Internet and etc to complete his/her task. Finally, the intensity dimension refers to the extent of intensity of media used by an individual to achieve informational goal. For instances, if a media source such as the Internet provide the most and best information for people, the dependency of the Internet will be more intense in terms or achieving that informational goal. This can be explained the phenomenon of the addiction towards Facebook by the majority. People had found out what they can do in Facebook and how it had satisfied them in serving their own purpose, thus had strengthen their independency towards Facebook. Research Design Quantitative research method will be employed in this study. There are two major types of surveys, descriptive and analytical (Wimmer Dominick, 2006) a descriptive survey is to explain current conditions and attitudes at the moment, while the analytical survey is to explain why the situation exists. Apparently, descriptive survey will be fully utilized in this study to check on the awareness of the public about the double-edged effect of Facebook. The reason Quantitative research method is being employed in this study is because it is handy in every aspects to the researcher. Firstly, it helps the researchers to determine the exact situation; roots of the problem and behavior pattern can be defined. Usage of Facebook and public opinion on it can be well evaluated through quantitative research. Secondly, its economic friendly since the researcher do not have the sufficient amount of money to conduct other research method. Since this is a University assignment, researcher had no financial support to conduct the research. As such, quantitative is the most convenient and cost effective way to help the researcher her findings. Thirdly, quantitative research method is able to provide a better insight of the situation examined, again, usage of Facebook, media preferences of the public, demographics etc can be collected too. Fourthly, it is convenient and flexible; it can be conduct everywhere within the target compound. The researcher does not have to undergo complicated situation yet still able to get the accurate outcome. And lastly, there is numerous information that had already exist available for the researcher to use as primary sources or secondary sources. The positive and negative of   social network had been hotly debated by various journalist on the past decade, this as well had save the researcher a lot time and had provide the researcher a better guidelines to finish the assignment. Population and Sampling According to Wimmer Dominick (2006), population is a group of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena; an entire class or group is investigated in some cases. The population is this study will be the staff and students of Utar Kampar. It is impossible to cover the whole population of Utar Kampar, thus a sample will be selected. Sample is a subset of the population that is representative of the entire population (Wimmer Dominick, 2006). Through this study, 100 respondents age 18 and above will be randomly selected to complete the questionnaires. Location will be targeted at several hotspots in Utar: Block C, Block G, Cafeteria and other crowded places, not to forget via online too. The reason staff and students are being chosen as the targeted respondents is because they are familiar with the social networking site, Facebook and their lifestyle, media consumption are aligned with the study. Thus, by choosing the right criteria, the researcher believes that it will aid in finding the accurate outcomes of this study. Instrumentation Questionnaire will be utilized in this study by the researcher due to the excessive amount of questions can be asked and answer can be obtained on spot from a huge sample. The survey in this case study consists of three types of questions: (1) open-ended questions, which require the respondents to voice out their own opinion, give them freedom in answering questions and an opportunity to provide in-depth responses; (2) close-ended questions, a list of answer will be provided in which respondents can choose from; (3) likert-scale question, where by the respondent can be able to choose their answer based on the extent of their opinion, for example â€Å"strongly agree†, â€Å"neutral†, or â€Å"disagree.† Overall, the survey consists of five parts. The first part will be the demographic part in which require the respondents to answer some basic information such as gender, age and education background. The second part will be answering the research question: what is the role of media in creating awareness on the impact if Facebook, where by the researcher can get in-depth information about the respondents’ perception of media. The third part is to investigate the reason people attached to Facebook and will also question them about the impact of Facebook brings. The forth part consists of two sections, each of them study about positive impact and negative impact of Facebook. Respondents who agreed with the statement that there’s a double sided effect of Facebook in our lives will have to answer both section, and those who choose either one of the impact will be responsible solely to the chosen section. By categorizing the respondents in such ways, the researcher will have a better understanding of the perceptions of the majority towards the impacts of Facebook in their lives. The fifth part will be asking the respondents about their opinion alerting the public about the impact of Facebook and which media will yield the wildest effect in creating public’s awareness of the relative issues. Data Collection Survey will be collected at once after the respondents had completed it. There will be a direct interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. As such, the interviewer can be able to help the respondents if they do no understand the survey. The researcher will be using two kinds of methods to collect the surveys, mall interviews (on-spot interviews) and internet surveys. Mall interviews are a quick and inexpensive way to collect personal information (Wimmer Dominick, 2006). And of course the mall mentioned is referring to the crowded places found within the University’s compound during peak hours. The second method is the Internet surveys. According to Wimmer Dominick (2006), the process of internet survey is very simple, surveys will send out and completed via email. This method undeniable saves cost and is environment friendly. The survey had been completed in one week time, starting from 14th March 2011 to 20th March 2011. Data Analysis According to Wimmer Dominick (2006), statistics are mathematical methods to collect, organize, summarize, and analyze data. The researcher will use descriptive statistics to convert the huge amount of data into a much understandable and meaningful method. The researcher will present the data by using pie chart and bar chart, together with details description and explanation. Figure 2.8 denotes that 85% of respondents stated that the information/news from the media will certainly affect their attitude and behavior and had given their reason about it. They said it was because the message media brings is very persuasive and always is the truth of fact. Moreover, the media helped them to gain a better insight of things and lead them to wider perceptions of seeing things. Besides, the succeed of Shahzad and Paquistani (2008) using media to influence the attitude of the authority has it solid astand for the above statement. The remaining 15% of respondents’ behavior or attitude will not change by the media was because they found out the media is not a reliable source and some of them actually did not care about it. In sum, A lot of the information gained from the media inevitably will influence publics’ behavior. According to figure 3.0, 24% of respondents used facebook for both entertainment purpose and socialize. Another 21% claimed that the reason they used Facebook was because of the peer’s pressure while 16% was to kill times. Remaining 15% of the respondents affirmed that they were merely following the trend. West and Turner (2005) (cited by Chasse and Jenkins, n.d,) stated that Uses and Gratifications Theory implies that â€Å"people actively seek out specific media and specific content to generate specific gratifications† and also to explain people’s involvement and need for media. Facebook served different purpose for different people. Majority of the respondents had claimed that they used Facebook mainly for entertainment and to socialize. Again, the hectic lifestyle had make Facebook as an entertainment spread like a wildfire among the public. Insufficient time to socialize with one another can now be solved through Facebook. Discussion and Conclusion Discussion The researcher has been able to identify RQ1: the role of media in creating awareness. By referring to the findings (Q4), it can be presumed that most people use media for the purpose of entertainment, followed by surveillance. This is quite a norm to the society as people nowadays are busy in fulfilling their material life and thus do not have the ample time to do other things. Media, in such way has provided the public the best solution to be entertained and so as to be updated on various things.   As such, people are gradually influenced by the media (Shahzad and Paquistanà ­, 2008, p5). According to the findings of question 5, the role of media in creating awareness can be by constantly educating the public about relative issues, in this case is about the awareness of the public on the double sided effect of Facebook, is believes to have the widest effect in alerting the public. This shows that media have the power to influence and shape the public opinion. Shahzad and Paquistani (2008, p.2), also argue that media is essential in creating awareness to shape publics’ perception and opinion. Covering relative news to aware the public is also another way for the media to influence public. Truth fact is most likely credible and thus will motivate public to change. As stated by Shahzad and Paquistani (2008, p. 5), media coverage does influence social flow. Their coverage of the poor quality of water and sanitation facilities in public hospitals of twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad are able to attract federal health minister and the NGO to take action and had solved the above problem. Findings from question 6 states that most people found news from media is trustworthy and are aware of the latest issues broadcasted by the media (Q8). Such dependence to the media had prove that media plays an important role in them. Media has indeed become an necessity in the society (Dorji ,n.d, p.1). The level of public’s dependency towards media and the effect of it to the society found in research question 11, which is high in dependency has nevertheless establishes the claims of media dependency theory. The level of dependency of media will directly affect the role of the media in the society, the greater they rely on it, the superior media will be (Maxian , 2009). Next, the researcher is able to classify answers of RQII: What is the use of Facebook in part III of the questionnaire. People used Facebook for different purposes, such as ranking from the highest to the lowest according to the findings of question 13: entertainment, to socialize, to blend in the society’s trend and etc. User and gratification theory states that people seek specific media to generate specific gratification and thus explain their use and need for media (Chasse and Jenkins, n.d, p.2). Majority agree that Facebook has become a necessity in peoples’ lives (Q5). Again, media dependency theory stated that the superior the media get, the powerful it will have its impact on the society (Maxian, 2009), which had been aligned with the findings. Many had agreed with the statement that there’s a double sided effect of facebook in our lives (Q18). Part IV of the questionnaire is been designed to find out the answer for RQIII: What is the impact of Facebook. Both positive and negative impact will be scrutinized thoroughly. The potential of social media can bring is wide and effective in publicity according to Vocus (n.d), hence it is in line with the researcher’s findings which the respondents agree that Facebook aid in publicity (Q21). Facebook is able to reach a larger market regardless the location and financial. It is the most cost-effective to promote one’s company or product. Many had agreed that Facebook help them to keep in touch with friends (Q20). According to Thompson (2009), social networking can help in reducing the gap between relationships, whereby many of the respondents agreed as well. Constantly keep in touch with friends and families that are being apart help smoothen a relationships and will perhaps diminish the potential conflict between them. In addition, on the negative sides, many had agreed that Facebook causes degradation of studies (Q23). Boogart (2004) also stated that there is a significance relationship between heavy use of Facebook and lower GPA among students. Students had spent most of their time playing Facebook and therefore had neglected their studies. The Facebook game too had contributed to the above matters (The University of Melbourne, 2010). Moreover, most of the respondents states that Facebook will induce lower work productivity (Q23). The University of Melbourne (2010) do suggest that addiction to internet, decreasing sociability will aid in the fall in productivity among people. As for people busying building and maintaining their relationship via cyber world, the real relationship and interaction in the reality consequently will be hinder. About 22% of the respondents are consent of it (Q23). Thompson (2009) asserts that many had displaced the real interaction to an alternative cyber world. Based on the findings in question 24, faked Id, online fraud and hacker issues had been also hotly debated by the public. People no longer feel secure while online because they never know the source of their information. Online campaign is been categorized as a non-significant compare to the real campaign (Williams and Gulati, 2008). The information and the amount of the supporters are impossible to be defined. Majority of the respondents strongly agree that media should aware the public of the double sided effect Facebook brings. They knew the how Facebook can help in one life and to destroy one’s as well. Therefore, media such as newspaper, TV, radio, Internet campaign, etc must play their role to alert the public. Conclusion Assessing the importance of media in raising public’s awareness on the double-edged of Facebook is the primary objective in this study. This research also aims to determine the media role in society as well as to understand the impacts Facebook has towards the society. A total of 28 survey questions regarding public perception towards the importance of media role and the impacts of Facebook were studied. Research has shown that media is mainly serve as an entertainment, followed by surveillance, social interaction and personal identity. Researcher found out most of the respondents agree that media is a trustworthy source and had strongly relied on them. They trusted information from the internet more than news from newspaper as they believe that newspaper was in favor of the politicians. News and information from media poses a great power since they had the ability to alter, shape and influence public decision making. In addition, researcher is acknowledged that most of the respondents are active Facebook user and they agree that Facebook has become a necessity in peoples’ lives. They do aware of the double sided effect Facebook brings. The researcher had obtained the percentage of various positive and negative impacts facebook had from the survey questionnaires in which had provide the researcher about the perceptions of the public towards Facebook. Meanwhile, the researcher found out the negative news of Facebook will affect the use of Facebook among Facebook user. This shows that majority of Facebook user is still a smart user rather than a blind user. Lastly, researcher also gained an understanding about public opinion on whether the media should alert the public about the double sided effect of Facebook. Public has come in agreement that media plays an extremely important role in creating awareness. Internet has the best effect in alerting according to the findings. In short, this study is helpful in conveying important information on the impacts of Facebook. As a result, it has provided the researcher with a clearer understanding on the importance of media in creating awareness.